化学化工专业英语课后长句翻译（化学化工专业英语课后答案）
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化工专业英语课文翻译是什么?
化工专业英语课文翻译如下：
Although the use of chemicals dates back to theancient civilizations,the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently.
尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution,about 1800,and developed to provide chemical raw materials industry.
可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。
Examples are a lka li for so apmaking,bleaching powder for cotton,and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.
比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3，我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。
metallic character 化学化工专业英语整篇翻译
Lesson 2 Metallic Character 金属性
Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, if supplied with energy: M→M++e. 金属具有电正性，即在具有足够能量的情况下，趋向于失去电子：M→M++e。
The stronger this tendency, the more electropositive and more metallic an element is. 失电子的趋势越强，元素的电正性与金属性就越强。
The tendency to loss electrons depends on the ionization energy.失电子能力与电离能紧密相关。电离能的大小决定了原子的失电子能力。
Since it is easier to remove an electron from a large atom than from a small one, metallic character increases as we descend the groups in the periodic table. 由于半径较大的原子比半径较小的原子更容易失去电子，因此周期表中同一族从上到下金属性依次增强。
Thus in Group lV, carbon is a nonmetal, gerrnanium shows some metallic properties, and tin and lead are metals. 如第IV主族，碳是非金属元素，锗只表现出一定的金属性，而锡与铅则是金属。
Similarly metallic character decreases from left to right across the periodic table because atomic size decreases and ionization energy increases. 与此类似，由于原子半径递减及电离能增加，同一周期从左至右元素金属性依次减弱。
Thus sodium and magnesium are more metallic than silicon, which in turn, is more metallic than chlorine. 比如，钠和镁的金属性比硅强，依此类推硅的金属性比氯强。
The most electropositive elements are found in the lower left of the periodic table and the most nonmetallic in the top right.电正性最强的元素出现在周期表的左下角，而非金属性最强的元素则出现在周期表的右上角。
Electropositivity is really the converse of electronegativity, but it is convenient to retain the concept of electropositivity when describing metals.电正性的概念与电负性正好相反，用电正性的概念来描述金属性质时更加方便。电正性的概念与电负性正好相反，电正性相对电负性而言，用来描述金属性质更加方便。
Strongly electropositive elements give ionic compounds. 电正性强的金属生成离子化合物。
Metallic oxides and hydroxides are basic since they ionize, and give hydroxyl ions: 由于金属氧化物与金属氢氧化物电离后会产生氢氧根，因此它们都呈碱性：NaOH→Na++OH- CaO +H2O→Ca++20H-
Oxides, which are insoluble in water, are regarded as basic if they react with acids to form salts. 由于不溶于水的金属氧化物可与酸反应生成盐，因此也呈碱性。不溶于水且能与酸反应生成盐的金属氧化物也呈碱性。由于金属氧化物与金属氢氧化物电离后会产生氢氧根，因此它们都呈碱性：
NaOH→Na++OH- CaO +H2O→Ca++20H-，不溶于水且能与酸反应生成盐的金属氧化物也呈碱性。
Thus in the main groups of the periodic table, basic properties increase on descending a group because the elements become more electropositive and more ionic. 周期表主族元素中从上到下，由于元素的电正性与离子化程度逐渐增加，因此碱性也随之递增。
However, this generalization does not hold for the d block, and particularly for the central groups of transition elements (Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) where basicity and the ability to form simple ions decreases on descending the group.不过这个规律不适用于d区元素，尤其不适用于中间族的过渡元素(Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)，因为它们的碱性与生成简单离子的能力在族中从上而下递减。
The degree of electropositivity is shown in a variety of ways. 电正性的强弱可用多种方法来表征。
Strongly electropositive elements react with water and acids. They form strongly basic oxides and hydroxides, and they react with oxyacids to give stable salts such as carbonates, nitrates and sulphates. 电正性强的元素可与水和酸反应。它们可生成碱性氧化物和氢氧化物，与含氧酸反应则生成碳酸盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等稳定盐。
Weakly electropositive elements are unaffected by water and are much less readily attacked by acids. Their oxides are frequently amphoteric, and react with both acids and alkalis. They are not basic enough to form stable carbonates.电正性弱的元素与水不发生反应，与酸的反应能力也不强，其氧化物通常是两性的，既可与酸反应也可与碱反应，其碱性较弱，无法生成稳定的碳酸盐。
The electropositive nature of a metal is also shown in the degree of hydration of the ions. 金属的电正性也可用金属离子的水合度来体现。
In the change: M+ to[(H2O)n→M] the positive charge becomes spread over the whole complex ion. 在M+ 生成[(H2O)n→M]的过程中，正电荷分布在整个络合离子中。
Since the charge is no longer localized on the metal, this is almost the same as the change M+→M. 由于正电荷不再是仅分布于金属离子中，因此这个变化过程与M+→M相似。
Strongly electropositive metals have a great tendency to the opposite change: M→M+, so that they are not readily hydrated. The less electropositive the metal, the weaker the tendency M→M+ and the stronger the degree of hydration. 电正性越强，元素发生逆方向反应（M→M+）的趋势越大，就越不容易水合。且电正性越弱，这种趋势就越小，因而水合程度就越强。
Thus the elements in Group II are more heavily hydrated than those in Group I , and the degree of hydration decreases down a group, e.g. MgCl2.6H20 and BaC12.2H2O. 因此第II族中元素的水合程度要比第I族中的强，且水合程度从上到下递减，如从MgCl2.6H20 到 BaC12.2H2O。
Salts of strongly electropositive metals have little tendency to hydrolyze and form oxysalts. Since the size of the metal ion is large it has little tendency to form complexes. 由于电正性强的金属其离子半径大，因此很难生成络合物，也基本上不会水解生成含氧酸盐。
On the other hand, salts of weakly electropositive elements hydrolyze and may form oxysalts. Because they are smaller, the metal ions have a greater tendency to form complexes相反，电正性弱的金属其离子半径小，金属离子容易生成络合物，因此此类金属易水解生成含氧酸盐。
翻译句子，化工专业英语
"Benzene π electronic orbit HMO handling of the"
In this paper, molecular orbital theory and the theory of electronics under the guidance of organic compounds through the use of the constitutive theory of the electron orbit π benzene to deal with the HMO, a more systematic structure of correlation analysis, in order to reveal the structure of the benzene-related laws . Revealed high benzene electrophilic substitution reactions and not reacted reasons, strengthened the laws of scientific chemical benzene, helps people in-depth research and study of benzene and aromatics of the structure and nature.
化工专业英语求翻译
中空聚合物微球已吸引了越来越多的
interest because of their potential
applications, which range
的兴趣，因为其潜在的应用，其范围
from targeted drug delivery to advanced
functional materi-
靶向给药的先进功能材料—
als.[1,2] Because of their hollow core
structure, such polymeric
ALS。[ 1,2
]由于他们的空心结构，这样的聚合物
spheres can encapsulate large quantities of
guest moleculesÐ
球可以封装客体分子的大量Ð
especially those spheres with functionalities
within the empty
特别是那些球的功能内的空
coreÐand release them at a later stage in a
controlled man-
在受控制的人在后一阶段的核心Ð和释放他们—
ner. Although hollow polymeric spheres with
dimensions in
押尼珥。虽然中空聚合物微球的尺寸
the micrometer and submicrometer regions are
readily con-
的微米和亚微米区域容易控制—
structedÐby layer-by-layer deposition of
polyelectrolytes
结构化Ð层由聚电解质层沉积
onto a template core,[3±6] polymerizing
monomers in lipid vesi-
在模板的核心，[ 6 ] 3±聚合单体脂水—
cles,[7,8] emulsion polymerization,[9,10]
pH-induced micelliza-
式，[
7,8 ]乳液聚合，[ 9 ] pH诱导micelliza—
tion of a grafted copolymer,[11] and by the
assembly of posi-
的接枝共聚物中，[ 11
]通过定位组件—
tively charged polyelectrolytes and negatively
charged
\地电荷的聚电解质和负电荷
nanoparticles[12]Ðthe synthesis of hollow
spheres 100 nm or
[ 12 ]Ð纳米空心球的合成或100
nm
less in size has only recently become the
subject of research
体积小，只是最近才成为研究的主体
activity. Several different routes, such as the
self-assembly of
活动。几种不同的路线，如自组装
block copolymers in a selective solvent,[13,14]
the deposition of
在选择性溶剂中的嵌段共聚物，[ 13,14 ]沉积
polyelectrolytes on a decomplexable or soluble
core,[15,16] and
在decomplexable或可溶芯的聚电解质，[15,16]和
microemulsion (as well as miniemulsion)
polymerization,[17,18]
微乳（以及细乳液聚合，[17,18]）
have been developed to form hollow polymeric
nanospheres.
已形成的中空聚合物微球。
Although some of these methods have been quite
successful,
虽然这些方法已经很成功，
these strategies require the core templates to
be removed in
这些策略需要核心模板被删除
order to create a hollow interior, or need
large quantities of
为了创造一个中空的内部，或需要大量的
surfactants to form nanosized micelles.
Furthermore, although
表面活性剂形成纳米胶束。此外，虽然
the majority of the proposed applications of
hollow nano-
所提出的应用纳米空心多数—
spheres or nanocapsules are concentrated in the
biomedical
球或纳米胶囊都集中在生物医学
field, most of the hollow polymeric spheres
described to date
领域，大多数的中空聚合物微球的描述日期
are ill-suited for such purposes. Therefore,
materials (in par-
不适合这样的目的。因此，材料（在平价—
ticular for the surfaces of the hollow
nanospheres) that are
]特殊的纳米空心球的表面），
biocompatible, non-toxic, and sometimes also
biodegradable,
生物相容性，无毒性，有时也可生物降解，
are highly desirable. Herein, we demonstrate a
simple and di-
是非常可取的。在这里，我们展示了一个简单的和二—
rect method for fabricating hollow polymeric
nanospheres
用于制造中空高分子微球的方法
with biocompatible and biodegradable
macromolecules. In
具有生物相容性和生物降解的大分子。在
this approach, hollow polymeric nanospheres
were formed in
这种方法，空心聚合物纳米微球的形成
a completely aqueous system without the aid of
surfactants,
一个完全含水体系没有表面活性剂
化工专业英语翻译谢谢
以下翻译请楼主审阅，其中有几处打字有点问题（如7ow），只能尽力理解翻译
3. Results and discussion
3.结果和讨论
3.1. Pressure drop
3.1 压力降
In literature the pressure drop data were frequently reported as the Z-factor, which was deBned as the ratioof PPSM=PPEM, where PPSM and PPEM are the pressure drops for static mixer and that for the empty tube, respectively (Boss Czaskiewicz, 1982). 在文献中，压力降数据常常被报道为Z因子，它被定义为PPSM＝PPEM的比率，这里PPSM和PPEM分别为静态混合器的压力降和空管的压力降（BossCzaskiewicz，1982）。These values are based on the same ReEM, the Reynolds number for the empty tube, which is deBned as ReEM =Du=. Where D; u and are the tube diameter, the mean 7ow velocity, and the kinematic viscosity, respectively. 这些值都基于相同的ReEM，即空管的雷诺数，它被定义为ReEM＝Du=。这里，D,u,和分别为管的直径，平均7ow速度和运动粘度。
Fig. 2 depicts the Z-factor for the present mixer based on the pressure
drop data measured herein.
图2描述本混合器基于如此测得的压力降数据的Z因子。
The laminar-turbulent transition
could be located at approximately of Re=150, which correlates with Paul and Muschelknautz (1982).
层流－湍流转变可以位于大约Re＝150处，这与Paul 和Muschelknauts（1982）相关。
Such an observation suggests that the static mixer could initiate early transition to turbulence compared with the case of the empty tube (2,100–4,000).
这样的观察结果表明，相比于空管的情况而言，静态混合器能够促发向湍流的早期转换
In pertinent literature some correlations for the Z-factor for the Kenics mixer are available, like Grace (1971); Chen (1973); Wilkinson and Cli? (1977); Paul and Muschelknautz (1982); and Heywood, Viney, and Stewart( 1984), mostof which are based on mixers of respect
ratios exceeding unity. 在相关的文献中可以得到有关Kenics混合器Z因子的某些相互关系，例如：Grace (1971); Chen (1973); Wilkinson and Cli? (1977); Paul and Muschelknautz (1982); and Heywood, Viney, and Stewart( 1984), 它们大多数都以幅面比超过1的混合器为基础。For the comparison’s purpose, only the correlation of Paul and Muschelknautz (1982) for laminar 7ow is depicted as arrow in Fig. 2. The
agreement is satisfactory.为了比较起见，只有Paul和Muschelknautz (1982)关于层流7ow的相互关系被作为箭头在图2中做了描述。一致性是令人满意的。
